King of Country Music Essay Example for Free

King of Country Music Essay When Strait was a teenager, he began his music by joining a rock and roll garage band. After he graduated high school, he enrolled in college, but soon dropped out and married his high school sweetheart, Norma Voss, in 1971. He later enlisted in the Army. He was stationed in Hawaii and began to play in an army-sponsored band called Rambling Country. On October 6, 1972, while still in Hawaii, George and Norma welcomed their first child, Jenifer. In 1975, Strait was discharged from the Army and soon after returned to Texas. Strait returned to college in San Marcos, where he graduated in 1979 with a degree in agriculture. During college, he joined the country band Stoney Ridge, answering a flyer the band posted around campus looking for a new vocalist. Strait renamed the group the Ace in the Hole and quickly became the lead, they began to perform at different honky tonks and bars around south and central Texas, traveling as far east as Huntsville and Houston. They gained a regional following and opened for national acts such as The Texas Playboys. Soon, his band was given the opportunity to record several Strait-penned singles including That Dont Change The Way I Feel About You, for the Houston-based D label. However, the songs never achieved wide recognition, and Strait continued to manage his family cattle ranch during the day in order to make some extra cash. Strait attempted tried to become famous in Nashville but failed because he lacked any strong business connections. In 1979, he became friends with Erv Woolsey, a Texas club owner who once worked for MCA Records. Woolsey invited several MCA executives to Texas to hear Strait. He did so well on his performance they signed him in 1980. Straits first single was â€Å"Unwound’ in 1981. It made it into the Top 10. Next he released two more songs Down and Out and If Youre Thinking You Want a Stranger (Theres One Coming Home). Both these songs did great on the charts, but it wasnt until 1982 when Straits second album Strait from the heart was released. Then George Strait had his first number one hit Fool Hearted Memory. In the 1980s alone, he reached the top of the chart 18 times with songs such as The Chair, All My Exes Live in Texas, Famous Last Words of a Fool and Baby Blue. In 1985, he won CMA awards for album of the year and male vocalist. In 1986, he repeated his win as male vocalist, but his year was marked by tragedy when his daughter was killed in a car wreck. Baby Blue is said to have been written for his daughter. Strait won CMA entertainer of the year award in 1989 and 1990. In the 1990s, George Strait continued to dominate country music. He released his tenth album, Livin It Up, which featured two number one hits including Love Without End, Amen and Ive Come to Expect It From You. He later released the singles If I Know Me and You Know Me Better Than Thatwhich both were number one hits. In 1992, Strait starred in the movie Pure Country and recorded I Cross My Heart which is still one of his biggest hits today. His song once again reached number one. In 1995, He released a four-CD boxed set, Strait Out of the Box. It had become one of the five biggest-selling boxed sets in music history.

Melindas Improvement :: essays research papers

For the past few weeks, we have been reading the book Speak, by Laurie Halse Anderson. The book is about a girl named Melinda Sordino, who for the most part refused to speak or interact with others after being raped at a end-of-the-summer party before the start of her freshman year in highschool. Ever since she was raped, she completely changed. However, I think she shows signs of improvement during the second half of the year.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ever since the party, Melinda rarely talked to anybody, including her parents. Nevertheless, I noticed that during the second semester of the year she talked considerably more. â€Å"All right, but you said we had to put emotion into our art. I don’t know what that means. I don’t know what I’m supposed to feel.†(p122). This quote is from the third marking period when Melinda was talking to her art teacher Mr.Freeman. I believe that she wouldn’t have said anything had it been earlier in the year. â€Å"Stinks. It was a mistake to sign up for art. I just couldn’t see myself taking wood shop.†(p.146). This quote is another example of Melinda talking, this time to Ivy in the mall. I think these quotes prove that Melinda starts talking more as the year progresses.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At the beginning of the year, I noticed that Melinda wasn’t very active or social. For the most part, she avoided most social activities. She seemed to prefer to be alone inside her closet. But during the second semester, I noticed that this started to change. â€Å"I start on the leaves suffocating the bushes†(p.166). This quote describes Melinda going outside and doing yard work on her own without being asked to, which I don’t think she would have done before. Another example is when she asked her dad to bring her some flower seeds(p.168). There quotes prove that Melinda definitely becomes more active during the second half on the year.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When the year started, Melinda did poorly in school. She often used stolen late passes and rarely did homework. By the end of the year this was much different. In the third marking period, Melinda says how she showed up to class every day throughout the semester, did some homework, and didn’t cheat on any tests. I see this as a vast improvement. Melindas Improvement :: essays research papers For the past few weeks, we have been reading the book Speak, by Laurie Halse Anderson. The book is about a girl named Melinda Sordino, who for the most part refused to speak or interact with others after being raped at a end-of-the-summer party before the start of her freshman year in highschool. Ever since she was raped, she completely changed. However, I think she shows signs of improvement during the second half of the year.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ever since the party, Melinda rarely talked to anybody, including her parents. Nevertheless, I noticed that during the second semester of the year she talked considerably more. â€Å"All right, but you said we had to put emotion into our art. I don’t know what that means. I don’t know what I’m supposed to feel.†(p122). This quote is from the third marking period when Melinda was talking to her art teacher Mr.Freeman. I believe that she wouldn’t have said anything had it been earlier in the year. â€Å"Stinks. It was a mistake to sign up for art. I just couldn’t see myself taking wood shop.†(p.146). This quote is another example of Melinda talking, this time to Ivy in the mall. I think these quotes prove that Melinda starts talking more as the year progresses.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At the beginning of the year, I noticed that Melinda wasn’t very active or social. For the most part, she avoided most social activities. She seemed to prefer to be alone inside her closet. But during the second semester, I noticed that this started to change. â€Å"I start on the leaves suffocating the bushes†(p.166). This quote describes Melinda going outside and doing yard work on her own without being asked to, which I don’t think she would have done before. Another example is when she asked her dad to bring her some flower seeds(p.168). There quotes prove that Melinda definitely becomes more active during the second half on the year.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When the year started, Melinda did poorly in school. She often used stolen late passes and rarely did homework. By the end of the year this was much different. In the third marking period, Melinda says how she showed up to class every day throughout the semester, did some homework, and didn’t cheat on any tests. I see this as a vast improvement.

National Symbols of India Essay

Adopted by the Government of India from the Sarnath Lion, Capital of Ashoka, on January 26, 1950. Only three lions visible, the fourth being hidden from view. The wheel appears in relief in the centre of the abacus with a bull on the right and a horse on the left. The bell-shaped lotus has been omitted. The words â€Å"Satyameva Jayate† meaning â€Å"Truth alone triumphs†, are inscribed below the Emblem in Devnagari script. National Flag: Adopted by the Constituent Assembly of India on July 22, 1947. The National Flag of India is a horizontal tri colour of deep saffron (Kesari), white and dark green in equal proportion. According to Dr. S. Radhakrishnan, the saffron colour represents the spirit of renunciation, the white band stands for truth and purity and the green colour signifies growth. In the centre of white band there is a wheel in navy blue to represent the Chakra. It has 24 spokes. The ratio of the length and the breadth of the flag is 3 : 2. National Anthem: Ravindra Nath Tagore’s song, ‘Jana-gana-maru C was adopted as the National Anthem of India on January 24, 1950. The song was first sung on December 27, 1911 during the Indian National Congress Session at Calcutta. The complete song consists of five stanzas but the first stanza constitutes the full version of the National Anthem. The playing time of the full version of the National Xfrthem is about 52 seconds. However, a shorter version mpressing the first and last lines of the stanza, which has a playing time of about 20 seconds, is played on some occasions. It reads: Jana-gana-mana-adhinayaka, jaya he Bharat-bhagya-vidhata Punjab-Sindh-Gujarat, Maratha Dravida- Utkala-Banga Vindhya-Himachal- Yamuna- Ganga Uchhala-jaladhi-taranga. Tava shubha name jage, Tava shubha asisa manage, Gahe tava jaya gatha, Jana-gana-mangala-dayaka, jaya he Bharat bhagya vidhata. Jaya he, jaya he, jaya he, jaya jaya jaya jaya he ! National Song: Bankim Chandra Chatterjee’s ‘Vande Matram’, which was a great source of inspiration to the people in their struggle for freedom. It was first sung  at 1896 Session of the Indian National Congress. Vande Mataram Sujalam, suphalam, malayaja shitalam, Sashya shyamalam, Mataram ! Shubhrajyothsna, Pulakitayaminim, Phullakusumita drumadala shobhinim, Suhasinim sumadhura bhashinim, Sukhadam, varadam, Mataram ! National Calender: A uniform National Calendar based on the Saka era with Chaitra as its first month and a normal year of 365 days was adopted from 22nd March, 1957 along with the Gregorian Calendar for the following official purposes: (i) The Gazette of India; (ii) News broadcasts by All India Radio; (ii) Calenders issued by the Government of India, and (iv) Government communications addressed to members of the public. The dates of the National Calender have a permanent correspondence with the dates of the Gregoian Calendar; 1 Chaitrafalls on 22nd March normally and on 21st March in a leap year. Months of National Calendar: 1. Chaitra; 2. Vaishakh; 3. Jaishta; 4. dha’ 5 Shravan; 6. Bhadra; 7. Ashvina; 8. Kartika; 9. Margashirsha; fn Paus’ha; 11. Magha; 12. Phalguna. National Bird of India: Peacock. National Flower of India: Lotus. NationafAnimal of India: On November 18, 1972, Tiger was declared the national animal by the Wild Life Board of India. National Highways: The total length of National Highways 70,548 km. There are about 77 roads classified as national highways in India. Twelve of the important highways are: Agra – Mumbai, Delhi – Amritsar, Jalandhar – Srinagar – Uri, Delhi __ Ahmedabad – Mumbai, Chandigarh – Manali, Ambala – Shimla – Tibet, Jorhat – Shillong – Bangladesh, Delhi – Kolkata, Manali – Leh, Pathankot – Mandi, Kochi – Madurai, Beawar – Sirohi – Kandla. Mumbai – Pune ExpressWay : The first phase of Mumbai-Pune expressway was thrown open to traffic on May, 2000. Xanguages recognised in the Indian Constitution : Assamese: Bengali; Gujarati; Hindi; Kannada; Kashmiri; Konkani; Malayalam; Manipuri; Marathi; Nepali; Oriya; Punjabi; Sanskrit; Sindhi; Tamil; Telugu and Urdu. In 2003, four more languages, were added Bodo, Dogri, Maithaili and Santhali. (92nd Amendment) Official Language: The Constitution ordained Hindi in the Devanagari Script as the common language for all over India and Arabic  numerals as the common numbers. English was to be retained as an official language until 1963, when it was to be replaced by Hindi completely. Rupee Joins Elite Currency Club : July 15, 2010 turned out to be a historical day, as the Indian Rupee got the much awaited symbol, just like other leading currencies of the world Viz-Dollar, Euro Pound Sterling and the Yen. The new symbol is an amalgamation of Devanagari ‘Ra’, and the Roman ‘R’, without the stem. Till now, the rupee was written in various abbreviated forms in different languages.

Stricter DUI Penalties Needed! Essay - 1670 Words

Alcohol is the main beverage for parties and special occasions in the United States. Many people decide to drink alcohol because it helps them relax, ease tension and socializing. Even most non-drinkers are forced to drink alcohol because of peer pressure. Hebert Moskowitz, the president of the Southern California Research Institute in Los Angeles, concedes that â€Å"alcohol has been so popular these days; it seems as though alcohol is a requirement for parties† (Moskowitz, 13). Unfortunately, most UNM students do not know their limits for alcohol consumption. By the time a party is over, they fail to realize that they had one too many drinks and they decide to drink and drive. According to the National Highway Traffic Safety and†¦show more content†¦There have been many records of supreme court cases in New Mexico where drunk drivers are not being charged for DUI such as: State v. Lizzol, 2006; State v. Arroyos, 2005; Sanchez v. Kirby, 2001; State v. Wenger, 1999, e tc. Each and every one of these cases resulted in the court dismissing the charges for no reason. Usually if a person is arrested and sent to jail for DUI there is a high chance that the exact same person will drink and drive again; this time he or she may take the life of one of your own family member (Moskowitz, 12). I believe many students continue to drink and drive because they think they are able to get away with it. Many students believe if they are able to get away with it once, they will believe they can get away with it twice. Numerous UNM students believe that they won’t get into an accident because they believe are responsible and won’t hurt anyone, but they are wrong because alcohol impairs judgment and reaction time. In the campaign, â€Å"You Drink, You Drive, You Lose,† it stated in the commercial that police are setting up more DWI check points. Personally in my experience when I drove home late around 12 or 1 o’clock in the morning on the weekdays or weekends, I have never even seen any DWI check point set up. Even on the main highways I rarely saw any police cars. One ofShow MoreRelatedMandatory Dui Laws And / Or Technology Should Be Enacted1320 Words   |  6 Pageswhile under the influence of alcohol is called drunk driving (DUI), which is against the law. The National Traffic Safety Administration (NTSA) estimates that almost 40% of traffic deaths caused by accidents in the United States are caused by drunk drivers. Some people think that there should be tougher penalties for repeaters of DUI and we should have zero tolerance for drinking and driving. Others believe that tougher laws are not needed. Some people feel like the social drinkers are being punishedRead MoreToughe r Dui Laws And Better Technology1331 Words   |  6 PagesTougher DUI laws and better Technology Could Be Both Good and Bad Let’s drink and drive so we can crash and kill innocent people. Driving while under the influence of alcohol is called drunk driving (DUI), which is against the law. The National Traffic Safety Administration (NTSA) estimates that almost 40% of traffic deaths caused by accidents in the United States are caused by drunk drivers. Some people think that there should be tougher penalties for repeaters of DUI and we should have zero toleranceRead MoreThe Problem Of Driving Under The United States1332 Words   |  6 PagesHaving 8% percent of alcohol in your body is already considered over board and the person is guessed to be a danger to society if driving a vehicle. DUI is considered to be the nations most committed crime up to date, back in the 80’s people started supporting ways to fight drinking and driving, and were willing to give up some â€Å"freedom† to have stricter legal deeds. The people took this movement into a legislative sector. Somewhere between the 1981 and 1987 about 934 laws were passed by state legislaturesRead More The Population Of St. Paul s Informed On The Consequences Of Crime1406 Words   |  6 Pagesawareness of villagers to the new laws passed by Grenada parliament on the crime and their legal penalties, determine the thoughts on the past consequences compared to the present, determine the villagers attitude towards the new penalties of crime and find out whether the consequences are deterring factors to thought and action of committing crime. Moreover, to help gather and process information needed to help make valid and reliable conclusions, quantitative survey research through the use of structuredRead MoreDrug Abuse1622 Words   |  7 Pagesphrase should automatically make you realize that these could potentially be dangerous if, and according to statistics, are abused. So outlawing or monitoring would be more beneficial to society than legalizing or decriminalizing. Legalization has no penalties to any act dealing with the substance and therefore people would buy in larger quantit ies and increase the amount they take per day. Several different activities and substances have been the main topic over the decriminalization versus legalization

Analysis Of Arthur Miller s The Crucible - 908 Words

Jack Del Giudice Mrs. Schmiedeler English 2F 21 October 2015 Crucible Essay â€Å"It takes many good deeds to build a good reputation, and only one bad one to lose it.† This is a quote by Benjamin Franklin and it explains how the puritan society in The Crucible work. this quote shows how fragile a reputation can be, you can spend your whole life increasing your reputation, but one wrong move and it’s completely wrong. In The Crucible, many of Arthur Miller’s characters are very concerned with their reputation. In early American Puritan society reputation was one the most important values in their community, which leads to many characters that overvalue their reputation. Characters in this play become so obsessed their reputation that it causes†¦show more content†¦(Miller 122) The confession would be hung on the church door for all to see and his reputation would be ruined. Proctor attempted to save lives by telling the court the truth, but he failed. He sees his friends and neighbors hung nobly and decides to not live with the guilt of lying and decides to die and wants to be remembered as the man he was not a coward. Reverend Parris will do anything in his power to save his reputation. He is known as the reverend of the church which is a very high position in a Puritan society. A lot of citizens do not agree with the way he teaches in the church including John Proctor. Reverend Parris reveals how much his reputation mean to him when he says, â€Å"Abigail, I have fought here three long years to bend these stiff-necked people to me.†(11). In this quote Parris is talking about how much time he has put into his reputation and that now Abigail is taking it all away In the trials, Parris is having internal conflicts about the innocence of many people. He knows he should stand up and say they are innocent, but he also knows if he did he would damage his reputation greatly. During the trials, Parris knows deep down that some of the people are not guilty. Parris has very little respect in the town expect for

Essay about Exploring the Issue of Cyber Bullying

Cyber bullying has been a topic for scholarly inquiry, political debate, and policy reform since the commercialization of the Internet. Pre-internet bullying involved socially marginalized children and teenagers picking on their friends and other marginalized children in the school yard. Traditional discipline included detentions, phone calls to their parents, and some sort of reconciliation between the children involved. Today however, the climate for bullies has dramatically changed and the risk-reward balance has been significantly tilted in favour of the bullies. The Emergence of Technology Today, bullies can simply connect to the Internet and create aliases (real or anonymous) through free e-mail services, instant messaging†¦show more content†¦Considering there have been cases of suicide and homicide resulting from interactions between participants within these virtual worlds, one can safely assume that the emotional toll of cyber bullying on engaged participants is nothing less than traditional bullying or cyber bullying. A case can be made that for engaged participants within massively multiplayer online role playing games, their social well being is paramount in their realization of happiness and acceptance. This paper will also try to make a case for why bullying in these virtual gaming worlds can be more damaging to participants than traditional bullying. Cyber Bullying as a Criminological Issue The world has adopted the Internet as one of the most popular mediums for exchanging information, and criminologists need to be well versed in its complexities in order to make meaningful, relevant, and thought-provoking research. Cyber bullying piggy backs on the foundations of traditional bullying in principle, but provides instigators with a presumed veil of anonymity which modernizes the bullies’ process of bullying. Bullies naturally have less inhibition when they are bullying online because they can be safe at home without fear of repercussion. This is extremely troubling considering there is very little fear of reprisal in an online environment. There are no â€Å"internet police† actively monitoring conversations orShow MoreRelatedThe Role Of Professional And Ethical Codes1499 Words   |  6 Pagespsychology, from the initial meeting to the final step of treatment the role of professional and ethical codes is important. There are numerous professional and e thical issues that could potentially arise in various psychological settings. Due to this, regulations have been implemented to guide psychologists’ actions when these issues occur; these include codes from the Australian Psychological Society (APS), the Australian Counselling Association (ACA) and the Psychotherapy and Counselling FederationRead MoreCyber Bullying Essay1473 Words   |  6 PagesStutzky suggests that cyber bullying is the use of modern communication technologies to embarrass, humiliate, threaten, or intimidate an individual in the attempt to gain power and control over them. Bullying has been around since the beginning of time. These days however, bullying isn’t just happening on the playground, it’s happening on the internet and mobile phones, making it possible to bully a child 24 hours a day. Cyber bullying follows children around the clock and into the safety of theirRead MoreThe Effects Of Social Media On Society892 Words   |  4 Pageso n work. Another negative point is cyber bullying. There have been many reports on the danger of Facebook. â€Å"Rude comments and insensitive jokes have always been part of the middle school (and adult!) world. Experts say that Facebook and other forms of online communication make the problem worse† (Tarshis 595). Reports stated that over 50% of students had been cyber bullying. Over 22% of students did not go to school due to cyber bullying. Cyber bullying is worse because experts show that virtualRead MoreThe Long Term Effects of Bullying Among Teenagers769 Words   |  3 Pagesreasoning behind an issue and or a prevention and intervention plan for major issues, such as bullying, that are affecting individuals and the society, it is important that theoretical frameworks are used. According to the 2010 statistics, with bullying becoming a rapidly growing issue and concern affecting both youth and adults, the crime of bullying will not be going away anytime soon. Bul lying is performed in several different forms ranging from physically, verbally, and even cyber within our schoolRead MoreCyber Crimes and Juvenile Criminal Behavior744 Words   |  3 PagesWhat drives people to commit crimes can be anything from financial instability to psychological issues. Specialists have long tried to explain what lies beyond the actual crime act and have been further challenged by the emergence of the technological era. In a time when societies depend alarmingly on computers, digital crime can no longer be confronted the same as regular offences because they are being played on an entire different level. It is our belief that each of the existing theories whichRead MoreParents Should Not Be Blamed For Bullying1075 Words   |  5 Pagesbullied? Parents should not be blamed for something their child did. I’ve researched this topic for awhile. We all should know that bullying is a major issue in today’s society. What’s even worse is the par ents are being blamed for this! Though it was the bullies fault, the parents still get in trouble. This argument will prove that parents shouldn’t be BLAMED for bullying someone when it was their child; parents don’t have twenty-four hour watch on their child, the parents didn’t do anything, and alsoRead MoreThe Issues That Can Affect Children1231 Words   |  5 PagesThere are many issues that can affect children, some of them are listed below: †¢ Exam and study stress †¢ Child development issues for example puberty †¢ Lack of Confidence caused by natural shyness or life experiences. †¢ Low Self Esteem e.g. self doubt, lack of assertiveness, negative beliefs, sensitivity. †¢ Phobias and fears †¢ Bereavement- and loss †¢ Parent s divorce or any other kind of changes in home life can also cause disruption to an ordinarily balanced emotional state. †¢ Parental malfunctionRead MoreThe Big Spiders And The Internet1377 Words   |  6 PagesWhen I was a kid, a web was something you walked into while exploring the woods behind the house. It was a minor inconvenience without any immediate danger. The only thing you had to worry about was avoiding the rare big spider that was spinning waiting to pounce on an unsuspecting explorer. Today, the web is widely known as the way to access the massive data highway of networks known as the Internet (Beal). While this web has opened the world up to massive amounts of useful information that extendsRead MoreInequality Young People with Disabilities Experience in Leisure Activities1724 Words   |  7 Pagesand discover, the importance families place on holidays. When examining leisure, a range of disciplinary approaches can be applied, and in this case psychology and sociology will be explored. More specifically psychology and how body image and cyber bullying can impact leisure participat ion, along with sociology, which gives an insight into gendered leisure and social class. This essay will explore inequality and will be achieved by critically examining 5 young people with disabilities on a trip toRead MoreNew York : Meredith Books1185 Words   |  5 PagesChildren 18.1 (2008): 119–146. The purpose of this article is to examine adolescents’ relationship with friend, romance partners, strangers, and their family in the context of their online communication activities. 4. Hinduja, SK, Patchin, JW (2014). Bullying Beyond the Schoolyard: Preventing and Responding to Cyberbullying. 2nd ed. California: Corwin. This book is an essential guide is completely updated with new research findings and evolving best practices for prevention and response to cyberbully

The Categories of Value Free Essays

It’s easy to assign Importance factors or risk categories to inanimate objects such as buildings, bridges, airplanes, dams, cars, and buses. It is agreeable to say that the structural integrity of a hospital is more important than that of a single family residence; especially, in the case of an emergency. When assigning importance or value to individual lives, we are confronted by an overwhelming social dilemma: How does society assign value to someone’s life? The essence of life or simply living and given the opportunity to become a contributing member of society is priceless and has an unsurmountable monetary value; however, within the constraints of the society we live in, we are forced to assign a monetary value to an individual life. We will write a custom essay sample on The Categories of Value or any similar topic only for you Order Now If we strip away what makes us human – our souls— we can assign value and categorize human life by the sum of their contributions to society and the impact their absence would make. Those that commit horrible crimes and contribute negatively to society belong to the first category. Those who contribute very little or haven’t had the chance to contribute to society belong to the second category. Those contributors whose sudden absences affect a small amount of people belong to the third category. Those whose sudden absence affects many people belong to the fourth. Finally, those whose sudden absence can affect an entire society for generations to come belong to the fifth category. Murderers and individuals who wish harm on innocent people belong in the first category. They are in the first category due to their lack of contribution and harm to our society. Truly without them there would be less damage and fear in today’s world. You can easily distinguish the difference between the first and second category in the perspective of comparing them to someone in the second category, such as children and individuals whose lives were cut short, and sadly unable to even begin to contribute to society; the ones in the first category are the ones who usually end up in prisons for violent crimes or serious violations, while the ones in the second category generally contains young people who haven’t had a chance to make a difference in society. Individuals in the third category would be the ones whose deaths would affect a small amount of people such as a blue collar worker who supports their family with their salary. The sudden loss of this person would be saddening but only the immediate family will typically need monetary compensation to cover any expenses left behind. In comparison, the ones in the fourth category whose deaths would affect a much larger amount of people such as, owners of important businesses whose death may result in the layoff of many employees. The individuals in the fifth category are the ones who have a huge contribution to our society, such as individuals who find cures to devastating diseases, physicist on the verge of making a great breakthrough, world leaders, and important policy makers. Without them our society let alone the whole world, would not be the same, they are the ones who make a difference in people’s lives. In the article, â€Å"What Is the Value of a Human Life? † by Kenneth Feinberg, he explores the moral problem with assigning different values to different members of society. The author finds it troubling that the compensation for someone’s death be related to that person’s financial situation. For example, someone in the fourth category mentioned above will most likely be a wealthy business owner while the person in the third category may be a modest middle class individual and would receive compensation accordingly. At the end of the article he states that in the future, he will provide equal compensation regardless of the person’s financial circumstances or status in society. I believe that monetary compensation should only cover funeral expenses and enough income to allow their immediate families time to adjust to the loss and become self-sustaining. It is okay for a society that is based on capitalism to compensate and assign a monetary value to individuals. It is our souls and humanity that will always be in conflict with manmade laws and forged societies. That is why this debate will never end. The day that currency becomes obsolete will be the day that society will truly discover that the only thing worth valuing is life itself, not money. How to cite The Categories of Value, Papers

Interpersonal and E Communication Social Media

Question: Discuss about the Interpersonal and E Communicationfor Social Media. Answer: Introduction Communication is the basic and integral part of every business towards conveying most important information to the customers regarding their products and services Gensler et al. (2013). The study will highlight the impact of social media on contemporary business communication. Apart from that, the study will describe the impact of social media on contemporary business through the example of one suitable business organization. Furthermore, the study will also demonstrate some examples through which the organization utilizes social media channels in their business. Discussion Business communication is an extremely vital pathway for communicating important business information among the internal as well as external stakeholders of an organization. The prime intension behind business communication is to promote the value of the product and services for getting commercial benefits out of it (Huang, Baptista and Galliers 2013). Moreover, business communication involves constant flow of information and mutual exchange of understanding generated from the receiver. Tradition form of business communication was completely different from that of todays business communication. There for less tough of digitalization in the communication vital information to the audience groups. As per Paniagua and Sapena (2014) traditional business information used to be communicated mostly through billboards, publications, face-to-face communication, television and radio. Moreover, Trainor et al. (2014) opined that such traditional business communication channels were very limited t o reach at the target audiences. Furthermore, earlier business organizations often used to fail in communicating the right information to the right person within right time. Over the last 20 years, business communication has taken a new shape and form for delivering business information. Recent form of business communication is completely different from earlier business communication (Baptista and Newell 2015). Moreover, todays business communication is all embraced with advanced technology and intended to communicate with the customers more personally (Wagner, Vollmar and Wagner 2014). The emerging needs of competitive advantage and tough market competition have raised the needs of speed in communicating business information. Promptness in business communication can better help in beating the marker competition (Gensler et al. 2013). With the emerging needs of the businesses towards establishing personal relationship with the customers, the organizations are more inclined to search for personal information of the customers in the internet (Aral, Dellarocas and Godes 2013). In such extent, social media has gained extreme popularity in the recent business communication. Ngai, Tao and Moon (2015) opined that social medial has provides the business an opportunity towards understanding the customers more personally. The contemporary businesses are more capable of interacting with the customers for understanding and identifying their dynamic needs and demands. Apart from that, the contemporary organizations, which have global businesses, have obvious needs for reaching timely information to the global customers for gaining competitive advantage (Treem and Leonardi 2013). In this extent, social medial is quite helpful in interacting with the global customers more intensely. Social has become a fundamental part of every people and it is associated with the daily lives of the people. In this way, organizations can reach to wide customer base in fraction of second through the usage of social media. In this way, social media assists in expanding the customer base of the organizations. Furthermore, Hajli (2014) opined that social media helps the contemporary businesses to towards beyond mere information exchange. Through social media channels like Facebook, Twitter, YouTube and Instagram, the customers can share their preferred images and videos regarding the specific products and services. In this way, the contemporary businesses are quite capable of understanding the customer perspective regarding their products and services (Wagner, Vollmar and Wagner 2014). Hennig-Thurau, Hofacker and Bloching (2013) pointed out that customers can also freely provide their feedbacks regarding their experience about the specific products and services. Moreover, social media channels have become effective interactive communication medium for the contemporary businesses. Therefore, it becomes quite easy for the organizations to modify their products and services as the needs of the customers. In this way, the contemporary business organizations are more capable of gaining competitive edge over the rivals through unique touch in their products and services (Goh, Heng and Lin 2013). Being highly interactive in nature, the social media channels assists in better promotion of products and services of the organizations. As per Huang, Baptista and Newell (2015), customers can share important information, links and images of their preferred products and services through social media channels. Customers often recommend their preferred products and services to their closed ones through social media channels. In this way, social media facilitates in enhancing electronic word of mouth for the products and services. Moreover, electronic word of mouth actually minimizes the expensive advertising cost of the contemporary businesses (Rishika et al. 2013). In this highly competitive business environment, contemporary business organizations face tough challenges towards maintaining the speed in business communication. It is mostly a challenge for the global businesses towards providing right information to the global customers in right time. According to Yu, Duan and Cao (2013), social media is the perfect medium for these contemporary businesses towards reaching at the global customers in shortest period of time. On the other hand, Jiang, Luo and Kulemeka (2016) argued that contemporary business organizations have no control over the communication with the customers. Moreover, the negative feedback posted by the customers in the social media channels can destroy the image of products and services to wide range of customers. With the globalized nature in contemporary businesses, the organizations are to manage global teams with decentralized management approach. In this way, recent business organizations often face the issues of employee engagement in global basis. Braojos-Gomez, Benitez-Amado and Llorens-Montes (2015) pointed out that social media platform can be quite helpful for the organization towards building effective networks of employees. Moreover, the employees can effectively share vital organizational information among each other, which develops employee bonding and engagement. However, Yadav and Rahman (2017) opined that in some situation, employees either intentionally or unintentionally share some confidential information of the organization through social media, which was not actually intended to communicate. In this way, social media can sometimes lead to security breaches for the organizations. Contemporary organizations are getting highly diversified in nature and marinating multiple business units simultaneously. In such situation, the organizations often face challenges in maintaining personal relationship with the customers in different business units. According to Goh, Heng and Lin (2013), social media channels are extremely helpful in identifying the customers issues and obligations. Therefore, the organizations can maintain long lasting customer relationship through prompt solution to their issues. However, Rishika et al. (2013) opined that social media offers zero cost per interaction with the customers. In this way, the web is now getting increasing numbers of spam and irrelevant information. Therefore, the organizations are facing extreme challenges in communicating informative messages to the target customers within effective time. Dominos Australia can be considered as the suitable example, which relies on extensive usage of social media for its business communication. The organization often post interactive and attractive videos and images regarding their food products through Facebook, YouTube and Instragram (Taneja and Toombs 2014). Apart from interactive videos and images, the organization also shares vital information regarding the quality of the products. In this way, the organization can better promote their products to wide range of customers. Furthermore, the positive feedback posted by the customers on social media has enhanced the positive word-of-mouth regarding the products (Huang, Baptista and Newell 2015). In this way, it has increased the customer attraction capability of the organization, which has increased its sales volume. Dominos Australia also offers attractive discounts and coupons in its Facebook and Twitter account. It facilitates the customers towards getting useful and attractive information about the products in regards to product offerings (Jiang, Luo and Kulemeka 2016). In this way, the social media assists this organization towards enhancing the loyalty level of the customers. Through social media platform also fosters strong customer relationship for Dominos Australia. Moreover, the organization involves the customers in the business decision making through social media platform. The organization asks customers regarding their experience with the pizzas. Furthermore, as per the customer experience, the organization often makes modification on their products. In this way, the customized tough in the products can help the organization to create competitive advantage over the rivals (Yadav and Rahman 2017). Apart from that, it also helps the organization towards enhancing customer loyalty through enhanced customer value. Conclusion While concluding the study, it can be said social media is highly influential on contemporary businesses. Apart from just sharing the product information, the social media platform also helps in interactive communication with the customers. In competitive business market, there is an emerging need of the organization to create competitive advantage through timely sharing of information with the customers. In such extent, the social media is quite helpful for the organization towards sharing timely information with the customers within shortest period of time. Dominos Australia effectively use social media platform for gaining competitive edge over its rivals. Moreover, the customer interaction through the usage of Facebook, Twitter and Instragram helps in enhancing customer loyalty. Reference List Aral, S., Dellarocas, C. and Godes, D., 2013. Introduction to the special issuesocial media and business transformation: a framework for research.Information Systems Research,24(1), pp.3-13. Braojos-Gomez, J., Benitez-Amado, J. and Llorens-Montes, F.J., 2015. 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Reconceptualizing rhetorical practices in organizations: The impact of social media on internal communications.Information Management,50(2), pp.112-124. Huang, J., Baptista, J. and Newell, S., 2015. Communicational ambidexterity as a new capability to manage social media communication within organizations.The Journal of Strategic Information Systems,24(2), pp.49-64. Jiang, H., Luo, Y. and Kulemeka, O., 2016. Leading in the digital age: A study of how social media are transforming the work of communication professionals.Telematics and Informatics,33(2), pp.493-499. Ngai, E.W., Tao, S.S. and Moon, K.K., 2015. Social media research: Theories, constructs, and conceptual frameworks.International Journal of Information Management,35(1), pp.33-44. Paniagua, J. and Sapena, J., 2014. Business performance and social media: Love or hate?.Business horizons,57(6), pp.719-728. Rishika, R., Kumar, A., Janakiraman, R. and Bezawada, R., 2013. The effect of customers' social media participation on customer visit frequency and profitability: an empirical investigation.Information systems research,24(1), pp.108-127. Taneja, S. and Toombs, L., 2014. Putting a face on small businesses: Visibility, viability, and sustainability the impact of social media on small business marketing.Academy of Marketing Studies Journal,18(1), p.249. Trainor, K.J., Andzulis, J.M., Rapp, A. and Agnihotri, R., 2014. Social media technology usage and customer relationship performance: A capabilities-based examination of social CRM.Journal of Business Research,67(6), pp.1201-1208. Treem, J.W. and Leonardi, P.M., 2013. Social media use in organizations: Exploring the affordances of visibility, editability, persistence, and association.Annals of the International Communication Association,36(1), pp.143-189. Wagner, D., Vollmar, G. and Wagner, H.T., 2014. The impact of information technology on knowledge creation: An affordance approach to social media.Journal of Enterprise Information Management,27(1), pp.31-44. Yadav, M. and Rahman, Z., 2017. Social media marketing: literature review and future research directions.International Journal of Business Information Systems,25(2), pp.213-240. Yu, Y., Duan, W. and Cao, Q., 2013. The impact of social and conventional media on firm equity value: A sentiment analysis approach.Decision Support Systems,55(4), pp.919-926.

Romeo And Juliet Essays (641 words) - Characters In Romeo And Juliet

Romeo And Juliet The tragedy of Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare is the most famous love story ever written. But this love had a fatal flaw, it had to end with death. Now people can argue either way why they died, was it fate of free will. But maybe a more important question is . . . . . .why they had to die? In the death of Romeo and Juliet it's true that free will did have a remarkably small part. The fact that they decided to get married in the first place presented many problems. A chose that Juliet made was to take the sleeping potion given to her by Friar Laurence. It was supposed to make sleep for 42 hour, but it was also going to give the elution that Juliet was dead. Romeo was going to hear about the whole plan form Friar Laurence through a letter (558). Another account of free will during the play was when Romeo decided to go to Juliet in Verona after being banished. He decided to go to Verona because of the news he received form Baltasar about Juliet lying dead in the Capulet tomb. When Romeo hear the news he responded with the following, "Well Juliet, I will lay with thee tonight." (572). The fact that free will didn't kill these two star - crossed lovers leaves fate as the murder. Fate first kicked in when their eyes first met at the Capulet party. They spoke, they wooed contentment was flouting through the air (503). But that happiness didn't last long, the reason for this was the fight that sparked between Mercutio, Tybalt and Romeo. During the course of the fight Tybalt killed Mercutio, then Romeo killed Tybalt in anger. Benvolio explains what happened that afternoon to the Prince. "Underneath whose arm an envious thrust from Tybalt hit the life of stout Mercutio, and then Tybalt fled, but by and by came back to Romeo, who had newly entertained revenge, and to 't they go like lightning. For ere I could draw to part them was stout Tybalt slain, and as he fell, did Romeo turn and fly (534). But an even larger set back occurred when Lord Capulet decided that he would marry his daughter (Juliet) to Paris. He changed the date from a few years to a few days. This created a problem because Juliet was already married to Romeo and was quite happy. The other half of the problem came in with the fact that Juliet couldn't tell her father of the marriage, and when she wouldn't consent to marrying Paris he became outraged (545). Problems grew after Juliet took the sleeping potion, and the letter informing Romeo about what was going on, never made it to Mantua. The letter stated that Juliet wasn't dead and that she would wake in 42 hours. The reason the letter never reach Romeo was that Friar John, who was supposed to deliver couldn't because he was quarantined after visiting some ill people. At that point no one would come and get the letter from him to deliver it because they did want to get sick aswell. (573). The final argument for fate killing Romeo and Juliet was Romeo killed himself before Juliet woke up. Romeo's lasted word were, "Here's to my love [drinks the poison] O true apothecary! Thy drugs are quick. Thus with a kiss I die." (578). While Juliet's look at death was quite similar with her last words were, "Yea, noise? Then I'll be brief. O happy dagger! [Snatching Romeo's dagger] This is my sheath. [Stabs herself] There rust, and let me die. [Falls on Romeo's body and dies.] (579). The whole idea that Romeo and Juliet were killed by fate was summed up in this statement that the Prince made at the end of the play. "A glooming peace this morning with it brings, the sun for sorrow will not show his head. Go hence, to have more talk of these sad things, some shall be pardoned and some punished. For never was a story of more woe than this of Juliet and her Romeo." (584).

Biography of Mark Dean, Computer Pioneer

Biography of Mark Dean, Computer Pioneer Mark Dean (born March 2, 1957) is an American inventor and computer engineer. He was part of the team that developed some of the key components to early computers in the 1980s. Dean holds three of the nine patents related to IBM’s personal computers, and his work forms part of the foundation of modern computing. Fast Facts: Mark Dean Occupation: Computer engineerKnown For: Co-inventor of the personal computerBorn: March 2, 1957 in Jefferson City, TennesseeEducation: University of Tennessee, Florida Atlantic University, Stanford UniversitySelected Honors: IBM Fellow, Black Engineer of the Year Presidents Award, National Inventors Hall of Fame inductee Early Life Dean was born in Jefferson City, Tennessee. He reportedly had an interest in science and a love for technology from a young age. His father was a supervisor at the Tennessee Valley Authority, the utility company founded during the Great Depression to help modernize and provide for the region. As a boy, Deans early building projects included building a tractor from scratch, with his father’s assistance, and his excellence at math caught the attention of teachers even when he was in elementary school. An excellent student as well as a student athlete, Dean did well throughout his schooling at Tennessee Valley High School. After high school, he went on to the University of Tennessee, where he majored in engineering and graduated at the top of his class in 1979. After college, Dean began looking for a job, eventually landing at IBM- a choice that would change his life and the entire computer science field. Career at IBM For the majority of his career, Dean was associated with IBM, where he pushed computer science and technology into a new era. Early in his career, Dean proved to be a real asset to the company, rising quickly and gaining the respect of more seasoned peers. His talent led him to work with another engineer, Dennis Moeller, to create a new piece of technology. The Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) systems bus was a new system that allowed peripheral devices such as disk drives, monitors, printers, modems, and more to be plugged directly into computers, for better-integrated and easier-to-use computing. Even while at IBM, Dean did not stop his education. Almost immediately, he returned to school at Florida Atlantic University to get his master’s degree in electrical engineering; the degree was conferred in 1982. In 1992, he also received a PhD in electrical engineering, this time from Stanford University. His ongoing education contributed to his ability to innovate in a time when computer science was developing and expanding rapidly. Over time, Deans work began to focus on improving the personal computer. He helped develop a color monitor for the PC, as well as other improvements. The IBM personal computer, released in 1981, began with nine patents for its technology, three of which belong specifically to Mark. In 1996, Deans work was rewarded at IBM when he was made an IBM Fellow (the highest honor for excellence at the company). This achievement was more than just personal for Dean: he was the first African-American to be awarded with this honor. Only a year later, in 1997, Dean received two more major recognitions: the Black Engineer of the Year Presidents Award and an induction into the National Inventors Hall of Fame. Landmark Accomplishment Dean led a team that developed a huge breakthrough at IBM and for the computer world as a whole. With a team based out of IBM’s Austin, Texas, laboratory, Dean and his engineers created the first one gigahertz computer processor chip in 1999. The revolutionary chip, tasked with carrying out the calculations and basic processes of a computer, was capable of doing one billion calculations per second. With this new technology, the computer world took a giant leap forward. Over the course of his career, Dean had more than 20 patents registered for his innovation computer engineering work. He later climbed up the ranks at IBM as a Vice President overseeing the company’s San Jose, California, Almaden Research Center, as well as the chief technology officer for IBM Middle East and Africa. In 2001, he became a member of the National Academy of Engineers. Present-Day Career Mark Dean is the John Fisher Distinguished Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at the University of Tennessee. In 2018, he was named the interim dean of the university’s Tickle College of Engineering. Dean also made headlines back in 2011 when he about the declining popularity of the personal computer, very device he helped make commonplace. He even admitted that he had switched to primarily using a tablet. In the same essay, Dean reminded readers of the humanity that must underscore all technology usage: â€Å"These days, it’s becoming clear that innovation flourishes best not on devices but in the social spaces between them, where people and ideas meet and interact. It is there that computing can have the most powerful impact on economy, society and people’s lives.† Sources Brown, Alan S. Mark E. Dean: From PCs to Gigahertz Chips.† The Best of Tau Beta Pi (Spring 2015), https://www.tbp.org/pubs/Features/Sp15Bell.pdf.Dean, Mark. â€Å"IBM Leads the Way in the Post-PC Era.† Building A Smarter Planet, 10 August 2011, https://web.archive.org/web/20110813005941/http://asmarterplanet.com/blog/2011/08/ibm-leads-the-way-in-the-post-pc-era.html.â€Å"Mark Dean: Computer Programmer, Inventor.â€Å" Biography, https://www.biography.com/people/mark-dean-604036

Phuket thailand Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Phuket thailand - Essay Example Phuket, Thailand’s largest island experienced the 9.3 earthquake shock which sent the Andaman Wave to the island’s coastline. Considered the third worst in history, the tsunami waves rose up to 10 meters high and created severe destruction on the six provinces along the Andaman coastal strip, namely: Phang Nga, Krabi, Phuket, Ranong, Satun and Trang. At least 250 people were recorded injured and maimed with scores of others dead including tourists. There was massive destruction of property ranging from hotels, houses to vehicles and other properties worth millions. Almost all west coast beaches like Karon, Kamala and Patong were completely destroyed to the ground with few deserted buildings standing. In addition, the effects of the tsunami were devastating because it greatly affected the tourism industry in the island. On the other hand, the cause of the tsunami arised as a result of the corrison of the Indo-Australian plates. The Indo plate is lower while the Australia n plate is bigger. The impact led to a massive earthquake that triggered the tsunami disaster in the region and entire southeast Asia. Apart from the devastating tsunami, Phuket has also been experiencing earthquakes regularly. On April 2012 the island was affected by a 4.3 magnitude earthquake that led to eviction of people from the coastal and lower regions to higher grounds to protect them from the earthquake. The quake which originated from the Klong Marui fault line spanned to other provinces like Phang Nga, Krabi and Surat Thani. No deaths or injuries were reported, however at least 30 houses sustained cracks in Tambon Si Sunthon region (Wipatayotin, 2012). Moreover, another earthquake of a 6.5 magnitude occurred in Phuket island but no tsunami alerts were issued after the 2004 tsunami. The 6.5 magnitude earthquake was confirmed by officials to the north of Aceh. Earthquakes in Phuket

Final project PowerPoint Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Final project - PowerPoint Presentation Example al structure is the separation or combination of missions or activities consisting of speculations and anecdote as to the most effective way of organizing the health agencies and the environment in terms of the outcomes (Sinclair, & Whitford, 2013). There are three general ways of identifying and categorizing health agency structures in every state. First, there is the combined health and environmental agency model, where the agency is at the cabinet level, with one policy leader overseeing both environmental and health functions. Second, there is an independent health agency located at the cabinet level with a policy leader reporting to the governor directly. Third is the health super agency model which additional functions. For a public health organization, this may include healthcare funding. The enforcement of law is the primary means by which the government creates conditions for safer and healthier lives for all people. The law is responsible for creation of missions for public health officials, assignment of their functions and exercises manner of exercising their power. The law also influences norms for healthy behavior, identify and respond to threats relating to health and setting health standards. The public health ethics are concerned with the ethical dimensions of professionalism and the moral trust bestowed on public health professionals by the society (Gostin, 2010). Resources like funding will be required to embrace the community’s definition of population health. To achieve the population health goals, the Accountable Care Organizations (ACA) will need to identify the financial resources required. The demonstration grants provided may help to fund the fee-for-service structure currently used but it is barely enough to sustain it. Therefore, the nonprofit hospitals have to provide support for the community programs. With passage of the ACA, the U.S. has had to result to improving the health care’s quality while decreasing the costs

The Internet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Internet - Essay Example As the discussion stresses the days when there was long distance communication either through telephone or letters have long gone. The internet keeps people globally connected and allows them to communicate throughout the day without any additional costs. It offers software, which allows people to correspond with each other through chatting online, e-mail, instant messages, video chatting and social networking. Communication from any corner of the globe has now become easy, convenient and hassle free. This paper declares that in the recent years communication has become revolutionized with the introduction of video chat. Skype, a video chat software has allowed people to converse through video conferencing, instant messaging and sharing files. With millions of active users worldwide Skype has become a leading internet communication application. One can see their loved ones live or have business meetings online regardless of being thousands of miles away. Lastly, internet helps in the maintenance of communication at all levels through social networking sites such as facebook, orkut, twitter and etc. It helps unite old friends, distant relatives as well as make new acquaintances. Internet provides access to all kinds of recourses. It is a virtual library, travel agency, a shopping mall as well as a bank. One can obtain any information regarding any topic without having to go to a library. There are many sites available that provide authentic information regarding any school project.

Gregory Framework Of Technology Management

Gregory Framework Of Technology Management There are several technology management models. The Gregory frame work has been proposed in 1995 by M. J. Gregory. This process has been built based on previous work on technology management. There are several elements have been identified previously link to the technology management within organizations. Competence and capability are important to be analyzed within the organization to understand the strength and weakness. They also reflect how well the organization can satisfy the customers and how fast the organization may response the market. According to this analysis, the company can identify the suitable technology strategy. Organization learning is also widely used concept in technology management. RD development and new product introduction are the processes which technology is applied in. Innovation activities are taken to deliver the customer satisfaction. [Gregory, 1995] However, there is no agreed framework for technology management has been proposed. Based on the literature research on previous work and the development of technology management in many companies, Gregory proposed the 5 processes frame work for technology management. The 5 processes have been identified as below: Identification Selection Acquisition Exploitation Protection It aims to identify the suitable technologies can be used now or in the future in the identification phase. The identification will be conducted through a systematic review of existing technology, emerging technology and in-house developed technology. [Leonard, 1992] The information needed in this phase to conduct review includes external drivers, marketing analysis, stakeholder information, and futurology understanding, etc. A group of approaches may be applied here, such as PESTEL. Selection is the process to determine the technology can be developed within the company. The process will be aligned with companys strategy. The criteria in this phase are usually from different sources. Technology audit, SWOT analysis, and RD portfolio analysis are the approaches usually can be used in this process. It aims to find out the suitable method to acquire the technology and applied in the organization in the acquisition phase. There are several means to obtain the technology. Companies may choose to develop the technology by itself by RD activities or organizational learning. They also may choose to collaborate with others as suppliers, or partners. Technology may also be purchased via brokers or licenses, etc. The acquisition means should be considered to be suitable with company strategy by considering the complexity of RD, risk management, and financial limitation, etc. The exploitation process is to convert the obtained technology into the practical production to gain the financial profit. The key point here is to apply the scientific technology into products can gain the maximum profit. Technology fusion is an important concept here to explore new function. The exploitation is the only process in this framework able to generate profit to cover all the technical investment. The protection phase is about how to protect or maintain the knowledge and relative expertise in the manufacturing process. The traditional way to protect the technology is the legal method as licensing or patenting. [Gregory, 1995] This process framework is a general model for technology management to be used in organizations. This process is not a defined model but comes from the process those companies apply the technology. It reflects the routine the management takes to manage technology within the company. The framework also associates all the relative activities which include innovation, product technology, production technology, etc. into the model. This framework also enables the company to align the technological considerations with business strategy. Every process in this framework needs a set of activities and criteria to implement. Thus this framework also enables the management to evaluate the whole processes and manage the relative dimensions. Furthermore, a process-based model can make the technology management process in company visible and transparent. [WMG, 2010] However, few companies may apply this model into their business. The process framework includes a variety of activities in different process and related to different function. But in many companies, the activities have been included in other business process as new product introduction, marketing strategy setting, etc. Thus there is a challenge for companies to apply this model entirely. [WMG, 2010] Holistic approach in technology management Management of technology links engineering, science, and management disciplines to address the planning, development, and implementation of technological capabilities to shape and accomplish the strategic and operational objectives of an organization [National Research Council, 1987] Refer to the definition of technology management, it requires collaboration of the RD, manufacturing, service and operation function, marketing, finance, and HR function in the company. Thus a holistic approach needs to be taken to manage technology in the company. It will be divided to several reasons to explain in below paragraph and what are the benefits. Firstly, technology management involves multi-functions within the organization. In a company, not only engineering department or RD department is responsible for technology management, all the functions within the organization are more or less related to technology. [WMG, 2010] Thus technology management requires a system of integration within the organization. For example, the product development and design process has been considered as a traditional technical activity. Engineers and designers can work individually towards the goals. However, this kind of isolated work can result an unsatisfied output. The engineering department may complain the marketing department for the poor data; the production department may complain engineering department for design need rework. Without crosscutting functions, it will not only raise the cost but also cause the friction between departments. Secondly, technology management requires broad knowledge within the organization as business strategy, marketing, customers, competitors, existing product and service, SWOT, etc. Thus it is important to understand the overall sense to manage technology effectively. Furthermore, it is important to consider technology relative issues with the internal information and external information: how technology may influence the operation within the business; how the limitations and requirements of the business may affect the technical decision. If the technology management cant achieve the system integration, it may lead to products cant meet the markets requirements and customers expectation since the technology management hasnt been associated with marketing activities; project may last for long time with back and forth process because necessary technical information hasnt been input; as well as cost will be increased; company may response to the market slower. Consequently the company may gain fewer profit compare to it could gain. [Steele, 1989] Thirdly, technology is not the isolated content within technology management. The key elements in technology management are management of innovation process, development of technology, technology utilization to obtain profit. [Badawy, 2009] The activities of technology management include development and research; design; manufacturing and operation; organizational learning; technology transfer, etc. Based on this perspective, technology management is not only a process to be applied in RD but in a broad range of functional area. All the activities within technology management are used to align the technology strategy with company strategy. The company structure and business strategy are the important factors to determine the technology strategy. [Pavitt, 1999] The technology strategy may be set to align with companys long-term profitable project or short-term project to compete with other companies on the market. The technology management would consider all the parts inside of the or ganization to ensure it can align with business strategy. Fourthly, Technology is a method instead of objective. [WMG, 2010] Technology can only be applied through a fundamental structure instead of existing alone. [Wyk, 2005] Alternatively, the technology has to be implemented to enable the firms profitability and growth. The process to utilize technology is insisted of a set of cross function activities. Thus the technology would not be existed isolated or developed without business objectives. As above analysis, it can ensure the maximum profitable though a holistic approach in technology management. For example, the operation management aims to drive the whole processes as quick as possible while eliminating mistakes, delays, etc. The effective operation management not only requires the output can satisfy customers but also generates profits to company. A proper technology strategy here can enable the operation processes to proceed faster and effective by avoiding unsuitable product strategy has been processed. Holistic approach can also ensure the output is marketable by avoid the lack of external information, which cause high risk to fail in the market. The holistic approach also can ensure the technology strategy to align with the overall business strategy. Furthermore, it also helps the company to identify the proper way and pace to adopt the technology. The collaboration case study between Sony and Ericsson Nowadays, its very common for companies from different countries and sector to work together. In 2001, a joint venture company Sony Ericsson Mobile communication has been established by a Japanese electronics company Sony Corporation and Swedish telecommunications company Ericsson. [Caroline Sanja, 2007] The aim of this cooperation is to produce the mobile phone with multimedia communication solution to customers all over the world. The initial for this collaboration is to associate the Sonys multimedia consumer electronics expertise and Ericssons technical knowledge in telecommunications. Once Sony Ericsson established, both of the companies stopped their individual mobile business. The Sony Ericsson Mobile Communications is a London-based 50:50 joint venture business. Before the collaboration, Ericsson ran its mobile business in the market for years and obtained 10.7% in the handset market in 2000. It has a great loss when faced the cheaper mobile phone producer as Nokia. Mobile phone is one of the core businesses in Ericsson. Thus they cant abandon this part of business. Ericsson had the advantage of the leading infrastructure. Meanwhile, Sony had just 10% market share in Japanese handset market and 1% in all over the world. However, Sony obtained the multimedia technology enable to enter the global market. Sony Ericsson employed 2500 stuff from Ericsson and 1000 stuff from Sony. [III-Vs Review, 2001] Sony and Ericsson both obtain 50% of the capital. And each of them obtains half of the boards positions. This business had been expected to take over all the mobile phone technology from the parents and to be able to compete with Nokia and Motorola in the market. How does the collaboration between Sony and Ericsson conducted The initial of Sony is to look for a partner to explore the GSM and CDMA technologies. Sony had soft alliance with Qualcomm and Siemens in the 1990s. In the experience with Qualcomm, Sony developed CDMA technology together with Qualcomm, but products have been sold separated under two brand name. The competition leaded this soft alliance to the end as well as the collaboration with Siemens. However, Sony realized its a huge investment to conduct RD alone in telecom technology. Before Sony and Ericsson arrived a Memorandum of Understanding, many partner candidates as Motorola, Alcatel and Nokia had been considered. At that time, Ericsson gained a big operation loss in 2000. And it was looking for a partner to take over the handsets operations. There were many potential candidates had been chose. Sony was one of them. Sony held the advantage of the multimedia consumer electronics expertise but had been limited on designing and innovations. Initially, Sony want to take over all the oper ation include the core technology, design, distribution and marketing. However, the top management of Ericsson didnt want to abandon the core technology of handset, which was developed in Ericsson Mobile Platforms (EMP). Thus Ericsson proposed soft alliance which had been turned down by Sony who insisted the joint venture deal. Ericsson Sony Original staff numbers in 2001 in Joint venture 3000 1500 Market knowledge Telecom operating valuable Limited Market Knowledge multimedia consumer electronics limited valuable Handset technology valuable Dont want cash contribution Fig1. Sony-Ericsson partnership when merge According to the Fig1, Ericsson obtained the core handset technology, however Sony at that moment dont want any cash contribution. In that time, Ericsson played the major role in that deal according to its global market share and handset technology. Thus the Ericsson Mobile Platforms has been excluded in the joint venture deal. Thus EMP has to reduce the operating cost and sell technology to other company as LG. The final agreement was finalized in the end of 2000 between the two companies. Then followed a group of discussion on how to conduct this collaboration in terms of management, manufacturing, Research and Development, and governance, etc. The board of the joint venture was formed 50-50 from two companies, and with a president to be named by Sony. 1,500 staff came from Sony and Ericsson brought its organization of products, sales and marketing. The new joint venture has been named Sony Ericsson Mobile Communications. There were many challenge issues for two big companys collaboration. The intellectual property rights (IPR) is one of the critical issues. Since it was very difficult to identify how much the two companies should transfer IPR to the joint venture at the beginning. Sony built up a team called Functional Integration Team to tackle the joint venture issues. Sony decided to take over the management of manufacturing by controlling the Sony-Ericssons own production plant with C hinese partners. And Sony also is in charge of the supply chain management which Ericsson had long-term operational experience in. Thus Sony took many important positions in Sony-Ericsson management: Sony executives had been transferred to take over the business units and supply chain management. While Ericsson ex-executives took over HR and other departments. The operation of the joint venture started at Oct-1 2001. [Sigurdson, 2004] There are three main issues occurred at the beginning of collaboration in Sony-Ericsson. Design is one of the issues. Sonys designers had different understanding on the outlook and functions with the Ericssons designers. For example, the Sony designers proposed that streamline shape of mobile phone is better than straight line mobile phone. However, its difficult for Sonys designers to explain this concept to Ericssons designers. In Sony, the information of design philosophy is tacit instead of explicit, thus in the joint venture, designers from each company cant understand the in-house words from each other. This was solved by re-designing a new set of internal terms in Sony-Ericsson. The few number of published mobile phone model lead to a big loss in the first two years. However, another side, the conflicts between the two types of culture also enabled Sony-Ericsson to enter the international market. There was an argument on the product design in Japanese market. The Sony designer s claimed that design is the most important part and Japanese market need attention due to the customers high standard needs. Japanese market is the most advanced mobile phone market and more than 10 major mobile phone manufacturers existed in the market at that time. Sony-Ericsson obtained a lot of important experience, and also able to learn the technology trends from Japanese market. The second issue in Sony-Ericsson is the supply chain management, which didnt work well. Firstly, the manufacturing had been divided into three manufacturing facilities in Sony-Ericsson: Ericsson manufacturing contracts with EMS, Sony manufacturing company, Ericsson manufacturing plant in China. There was a huge challenge on managing the manufacturing since its very difficult to manufacture products ordered and meet the requirement of quality. Especially the outsource supplier EMS, which met great challenge on delivering qualified products on time. The different type of manufacturing source brought Sony-Ericsson a critical problem. Secondly, Time to market is a very important criterion in mobile phone market due to the fierce competition. The management of platform in Sony-Ericsson is a weak point compare to the other competitors as Samsung and Nokia. Due to lack of management, in the platform, it was found the new orders were laid without organization. This became worse when the ma rketing strategy had been set to increase the market share. The issue occurred because Sony-Ericsson lack the knowledge on management of production process and supply chain management. The third issue was technology transfer. Sony contributed the screen and camera technology to Sony-Ericsson. All the related technology was explored in Japan and transferred to Europe. It took a long time for the technology can be applied based on the telecom infrastructure in Europe. The core handset technology came from Ericsson. EMP combined the software and chip as product, which is a new business model. As above information indicated, EMP didnt be included in the joint venture deal. And the cost of EMP was really high because of the exploration of 3G and GSM at the same time. Thus EMP served Sony-Ericsson as customer, as well as Siemens, LG, and Samsung. In the first year of the joint ventures operation, Sony-Ericsson lost 292 million and didnt made profit until 2003. Sony and Ericsson were not satisfied with the performance of the joint venture. However, they still tried to inject capital into Sony-Ericsson in 2003. The Sony-Ericsson walkman branded mobile was doing well at the beginning. However, it had been over taken by music mobile from other manufacturer as iPhone and other brand recent years. The collaboration between the two big companies has been considered as one of the most complex one. It took long time to implement and consolidate. Compare to the previous soft alliances, Sony aimed to build a stable collaboration to expand the mobile business. In summary, the joint venture is able to combine the technical strength from both sides. As identified before, Sony is good at the multimedia customer electronics. The first series of products is walkman portfolio. Sony transferred their multimedia technology to Sony-Ericsson. While Ericsson contributed the core handset technology and telecom infrastructure which enable Sony-Ericsson to release series of mobile phone based on cooperation with telecom operators. But due to Sony dont want to invest at the beginning. The core handset technology still has been kept in EMP. This is one of the mistakes of Sony in this collaboration. EMP was focusing on integration of software to system. And it became one of the advanced research cen ter on GSM and 3G. However the operation cost of EMP kept on increasing. Sony-Ericsson purchased chip with software from EMP, which was a high-cost component. Even though, EMP couldnt balance the cost and income. It had to supply other mobile companies for sustaining. Sony-Ericsson cant involve the management of the EMP. This will become a weak point in the future. The managers of Sony-Ericsson initially came from Sony and Ericsson, but the management was isolated from Sony and Ericsson. The challenge issue here is the different culture of the two companies. Globalization is a common phenomenon everywhere. Even difference of culture can be solved in personal level. Its quite difficult to merge a big group of people with totally different culture. Sony is a big international company. However, it still holds a perspective of business strategy, marketing, design, and product development, etc different with other western companies. Compare to Sony, Ericsson is a low masculinity organization which has low work stress, high gender quality, equality between employees, and team work. In traditional Japanese company, staff cant question the bosss instruction which is observation in western company. Thus Sony-Ericsson created their own company value as Passionate, Innovation and Responsive. [Caroline Sanja, 2007] Phase1 Culture Awareness Phase2 Creating new culture Phase3 Managing SEMC Culture Seminar Workshop Leadership Programs Fig2. Developing Sony-Ericsson culture [Caroline Sanja, 2007] The Fig2 indicates how Sony-Ericssons own culture has been developed. The difference of business strategy between the two organization cause many friction in the collaboration. The CEO of Sony mentioned this issue in 2008, that if the Sony-Ericsson cant work towards the same goal, its very difficult for this collaboration to continue. Generally speaking, the joint venture ran with several issues at the first two years. This directly affected the financial performance of Sony-Ericsson. Due to this bad performance, it almost leaded to an end of the collaboration. However, finally both Sony and Ericsson injected a certain amount of capital to the joint venture. Sony-Ericsson performs relatively well. But this collaboration didnt enable Sony-Ericsson to compete with Nokia and Samsung in the market. Discussion on outcome from Sony and Ericssons point of views in terms of success and failure of this collaboration From both of Sony and Ericssons point of views, it is benefit to look for a partner to establish a joint venture. This alliance can bring advantage as risk reduction, international expansion, technology transfer, sharing capital facilities and equipment. Once the joint venture establishes, the tangible and intangible assets will be transferred from parents to the joint venture. The tangible assets include capital facilities and equipment, technology and patents. The intangible assets may include the brand name, explored market, reputation of company, etc. Sony was in a reasonable good place in Japan before the collaboration. And they found the mobile business is a growing business. However, Sony was not a major player in GSM market in the global market. However, Sony is very excellent on product design. It wouldnt be difficult for Sony to gain more market share from the initial 2%. But if Sony want to be a major player, its not enough to rely on product design and multimedia expertise only. According to the previous experience on soft alliance, Sony realized joint venture would be the best choice to work with partner in this business. The benefit to conduct this collaboration with Ericsson is Ericsson is experienced in European market; It obtains the infrastructure of telecom and it has handset technology; in 2000, Ericsson rank number 3 in mobile phone market. Sony can enter European market easily with this partner and also can built the brand name for other business of Sony as TV. Sony doesnt have to invest on infrastructure and tec hnology on this deal. However, the failure of this collaboration to Sony is the EMP. Sony didnt want to invest in EMP initially in 2000. Consequently Sony is not able to learn from the Ericsson for the core handset technology. Furthermore, EMP is one of the most advanced research center for GSM and 3G technology. To sustain the operation, EMP sells products to Sony-Ericsson, Samsung, and Nokia. And Sony-Ericsson didnt have any advantage from it. From Sonys point of view, its able to enter the international mainstream market of mobile phone via the joint venture. In this collaboration, Sony can utilize the advantage of product design. Sony also learn a lot from western company on business management for example supply chain management, which contributes a lot on Sonys global expansion. The experience of collaboration also has been considered as internal good practice . After collaborated with Ericsson, Sony also collaborates with companies as DoCoMo in other business. [Sigurdson, 200 4] The performance of Sony-Ericsson compare to the initial purpose isnt so good. Especially in 2008, Sony and Ericsson had to inject 1.8 million Euro to Sony-Ericsson again to overcome the economic crisis. And Sony showed disappoint on this collaboration in terms of disagreement on business strategy. Up to now, even Sony entered the mainstream market. It still cant compete with other major competitors in the market. Before the collaboration, Ericsson obtained 10% market share in the mobile phone market. But Ericsson kept on losing money and market share. Meanwhile, the high operation cost of EMP drive the company to seek for a partner to share or take over the operation cost. Ericsson has a good base in terms of infrastructure, handset technology, and operator relationship. However, the mainstream of mobile phone became multi-functional mobile. Ericsson has no experience and strength on that. Sony became the best choice to cooperate. The initial idea of Ericsson is to sell all handset business include the core technology. But top management didnt want to abandon the mobile business and then its very important to keep the technology within the company. The collaboration with Sony enables Ericsson to focus on 3G technology development. From Ericssons point of view, the collaboration with Sony brought them technology of multimedia expertise which Sony is one of the advanced companies in the world. However, all the Research and Development of screen and camera are conducted in Japan directly. Ericsson has not been involved in it. The success point of this collaboration to Ericsson, its able to produce the mobile phone to satisfy customers increasing needs. Through the collaboration, Ericsson also learned product design from Sony, which is different with Ericsson. And the Japan-based company enable the company understand the trends from the advanced mobile market. Furthermore, Ericsson also learned management skill from the Japanese company. But according to the performance of Sony-Ericsson, the market share cant catch with Nokia and Samsung. They have fiercely competition with Motorola and LG in the main market. From both of their view, this collaboration is not easy to be conducted. Due to many issues and conflicts, Sony-Ericsson cant achieve a maximum profit and increase the market share as expected. Technically, Sony Ericsson combined the core technology from Ericsson mobile business and Sonys multimedia technology. This form of collaboration worked well in the first 3 years. Walkman mobile phone was released very successful. However, todays mobile phone has been expected a lot from customers. Sony-Ericsson didnt cooperate well to work on the RD on new technology. The two companies still have a lot of conflicts on the business concept, and the inefficacy management on that may lead to an end of the cooperation. From the point view of the profitability, this collaboration didnt achieve the expectation in the first two years until the third quarter of 2003. During the economic crisis period, Sony-Ericsson experienced tough time. The parent companies have expected payback in the last 10 year s. The further research can be conducted to discuss whether Sony-Ericsson can be more successful. And it also can be compared to the collaboration between Siemens and BenQ.

Charlotte Brontes Jane eyre and Jean Rhys Wide Sargasso Sea Essay exa

Charlotte Bronte's Jane eyre and Jean Rhys' Wide Sargasso Sea The Sargasso Sea is a relatively still sea, lying within the south-west zone of the North Atlantic Ocean, at the centre of a swirl of warm ocean currents. Metaphorically, for Jean Rhys, it represented an area of calm, within the wide division between England and the West Indies. Within such an area, a sense of stability, permanence and identity may be attained, despite the powerful, whirling currents which surround it. But outside of this ?sea?, one may be destabilised, drawn away by these outside forces, into the vast expanse of ?ocean? between the West Indies and Europe. Outside of these metaphorical and geographical oceanic areas, one may become the victim of these currents, subject to their vagaries and fluctuations, no longer able to personally define, with any certainty, where one is culturally or geographically located. For Jean Rhys, Jane Eyre depicted representations of a Creole woman and West Indian history which she knew to be inaccurate. ?Bertha Mason is mad; and she came from a mad family; idiots and maniacs through three generations. Her mother, the Creole, was both a madwoman and a drunkard!? She is further described as having a ?discoloured face?, ?a savage face? with ?fearful blackened inflation? of the features, ?the lips were swelled and dark?; described as a demon, witch, vampire, beast and hyena1. But nowhere in the novel does Bronte allow ?the madwoman in the attic? to have a voice, to explain what may have caused her madness. Rhys says: ?The mad wife in Jane Eyre always interested me. I was convinced that Charlotte Bronte must have had something against the West Indies and I was angry about it. Otherwise, why did she take a West Indian for that horrible lunatic, for that really dreadful creature2 So in Wide Sargasso Sea, Rhys rewrites Bronte?s canonical text according to her own, personal experiences, as both a white West Indian and a woman. But, giving Antoinette a voice, she exposes truth behind madness: The history of the land in which she lived, and the role of the woman in it, was a tale of Victorian, patriarchal values and colonial exploitation; polarised ideology, division and confrontation in racial, cultural, sexual and historical issues. In a literary sense, Antoinette?s voice, once heard, would not only offer mitigating reasons for her madness... ...tim of Victorian patriarchal colonialism she sought to give her a voice. In giving her a voice, she also revisits her own childhood and life experiences, giving herself the chance to be heard: To locate herself, emotionally, culturally and in literary terms, within the many binary oppositions in the book. To find a stable and secure place like the Wide Sargasso Sea. Works Cited: ANGIER, Carole: Jean Rhys London, Penguin, 1992. BAER, Elizabeth. R: ?The Sisterhood of Jane Eyre and Antoinette Cosway?, in Elizabeth Abel, Marianne Hirsch and Elizabeth Langland, eds The Voyage In: Fictions of Female Development London, University Press of New England, 1983, pp.131-149. BOUMELHA, Penny: ?Jane Eyre, Jamaica and the Gentleman?s House?, Southern Review, 21 July 1988. BRONTE, Charlotte: Jane Eyre Middlesex, Penguin, 1994. ERWIN, Lee: ?Like a Looking Glass?: History and Narrative in Wide Sargasso Sea in Novel, Winter 1989 HAVELY, Cicely Palser: Wide Sargasso Sea: Real and Imagined Islands BBC TV, 1998. NEWMAN, Julie: ?I Walked With a Zombie?, in The Ballistic Bard: Postcolonial Fictions London, Arnold, 1995. RHYS, Jean: Wide Sargasso Sea London: Penguin, 1997.

Operating System Essay

1. What is the application Zenmap GUI typically used for? Describe a scenario in which you would use this type of application. Zenmap is an application that is used to scan ports for networks. A scenario where it can be used is to scan the ports of a network to know exactly which ports are opened or closed thus allowing a network administrator to reduce the vulnerability of its network. 2. Which application is used for Step 2 in the hacking process to perform a vulnerability assessment scan? Nessus. 3. What must you obtain before you begin the ethical hacking process or penetration test on a live production network, even before performing the reconnaissance step? One must obtain a signed authorization form showing exactly what kind of test you are authorized to perform. 4. What is a CVE listing? Who hosts and who sponsors the CVE database listing website? CVE listing is a dictionary of publicly known information security vulnerabilities and exposures. IT is hosted by the Office of Cybersecurity and Communications at the U.S. Department of Homeland Security 5. Can Zenmap GUI detect which operating systems are present on IP servers and workstations? Which option includes that scan? Yes, the OS detection using TCP/IP stack fingerprinting option includes that scan. 6. If you have scanned a live host and detected that it is running Windows XP workstation OS, how would you use this information for performing a Nessus vulnerability assessment scan? One can use this information to create a policy of vulnerabilities that you want Nessus to scan for on that specific host. 7. Once a vulnerability is identified by Nessus, where can you check for more information regarding the identified vulnerability, exploits, and the risk mitigation solution? You can check the report generated by Nessus, specifically in the hostname plugin ID which will give you a detailed description of the vulnerability found along with possible mitigation solutions. 8. What is the major difference between Zenmap GUI and Nessus? The major difference between Zenmap GUI and Nessus is that Zenmap only a scanner that maps a network and gives you information about open ports but Nessus is a vulnerability scanner than scans a network and gives a report on how vulnerable that specific port is. The main difference is one gives a report on how to fix a vulnerability in a port while the other doesn’t. 9. Why do you need to run both Zenmap GUI and Nessus to perform the first three steps of the hacking process? You need both Zenmap GUI and Nessus to perform the first 3 steps of the hacking process because Zenmap GUI and Nessus are used to perform different tasks and steps in the hacking process therefore you would not be able to perform the first 3 steps effectively using only one software. Both are needed.

Jackson Pollack essays

Jackson Pollack essays On the floor I am more at ease, I feel nearer, more a part of the painting, since this way I can walk around in it, work from the four sides and be literally in the painting. These are the words of the great 1940s artist Jackson Pollack, a commanding figure in the Abstract Expressionist movement. In this essay I will talk a little about Pollacks history, his work Full Fathom Five, and the parallels between Pollacks work and 1940s lifestyle. Paul Jackson Pollock was born in Cody, Wyoming in January of 1912. His family frequently moved around the western United States, as his father took various jobs to support them. When his father finally landed a steady job as a land surveyor in the Grand Canyon and other parts of the Southwest, Pollock often joined him. He later remarked that his memories of the panoramic landscape influenced his artistic vision. In 1930, Pollock joined his 2 brothers in New York at the Art Students League. He studied under the Regionalist painter Thomas Hart Benton. Pollocks works in the 1930s had Regionalist and slight Surrealist influences in them. The early 1940s marked a significant change in Pollocks style of painting. Native American motifs and other pictographic imagery began to play a role in his paintings, which showed the beginning of a new, more mature style. By the mid-1940s, Pollock began painting completely abstract. With his 1949 painting Full Fathom Five, Pollock truly showed what art could become. He began using his drip technique in 1947. Pollock would fix his canvas to the floor and drip paint from a can using a variety of objects to manipulate the paint. He would use nails, coins, needles, and various other small objects on the canvas itself and let the paint flow around them. It is one of the first action ...

History Of Bullet Proof Vests

History Of Bullet Proof Vests Humans throughout recorded history have used various types of materials as body armor to protect themselves from injury in combat and other dangerous situations. The first protective clothing and shields were made from animal skins. As civilizations became more advanced, wooden shields and then metal shields came into use. Eventually, metal was also used as body armor, what we now refer to as the suit of armor associated with the knights of the Middle Ages. However, with the invention of firearms around 1500, metal body armor became ineffective. Then only real protection available against firearms were stone walls or natural barriers such as rocks, trees, and ditches. Soft Body Armor One of the first recorded instances of the use of soft body armor was by the medieval Japanese, who used armor manufactured from silk. It was not until the late 19th century that the first use of soft body armor in the United States was recorded. At that time, the military explored the possibility of using soft body armor manufactured from silk. The project even attracted congressional attention after the assassination of President William McKinley in 1901. While the garments were shown to be effective against low-velocity bullets, those traveling at 400 feet per second or less, they did not offer protection against the new generation of handgun ammunition being introduced at that time. Ammunition that traveled at velocities of more than 600 feet per second. This, along with the prohibitive cost of silk made the concept unacceptable. Silk armor of this type was said to have been worn by Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria when he was killed by a shot to the head, thereby precipitat ing World War I. Early Bullet Proof Vests Patents The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office lists records dating back to 1919 for various designs of bulletproof vests and body armor type garments. One of the first documented instances where such a garment was demonstrated for use by law enforcement officers was detailed in the April 2, 1931, edition of the Washington, D.C., Evening Star, where a bulletproof vest was demonstrated to members of the Metropolitan Police Department. Flak Jacket The next generation of the anti-ballistic bullet proof vest was the World War II flak jacket made from ballistic nylon. The flak jacket provided protection primarily from ammunition fragments and was ineffective against most pistol and rifle threats. Flak jackets were also very cumbersome and bulky. Lightweight Body Armor It would not be until the late 1960s that new fibers were discovered that made todays modern generation of cancelable body armor possible. The National Institute of Justice or NIJ initiated a research program to investigate the development of lightweight body armor that on-duty policemen could wear full time. The investigation readily identified new materials that could be woven into a lightweight fabric with excellent ballistic resistant properties. Performance standards were set that defined ballistic resistant requirements for police body armor. Kevlar In the 1970s, one of the most significant achievements in the development of body armor was the invention of DuPonts Kevlar ballistic fabric. Ironically, the fabric was originally intended to replace steel belting in vehicle tires. The development of kevlar body armor by NIJ was a four-phase effort that took place over several years. The first phase involved testing kevlar fabric to determine whether it could stop a lead bullet. The second phase involved determining the number of layers of material necessary to prevent penetration by bullets of varying speeds and calibers and developing a prototype vest that would protect officers against the most common threats: the 38 Special and the 22 Long Rifle bullets. Researching Kevlar Bullet Proof Vests By 1973, researchers at the Armys Edgewood Arsenal responsible for the bulletproof vest design had developed a garment made of seven layers of Kevlar fabric for use in field trials. It was determined that the penetration resistance of Kevlar was degraded when wet. The bullet resistant properties of the fabric also diminished upon exposure to ultraviolet light, including sunlight. Dry-cleaning agents and bleach also had a negative effect on the antiballistic properties of the fabric, as did repeated washing. To protect against these problems, the vest was designed with waterproofing, as well as with fabric coverings to prevent exposure to sunlight and other degrading agents. Medical Testing of Body Armor The third phase of the initiative involved extensive medical testing,  to determine the performance level of body armor that would be necessary to save police officers lives. It was clear to researchers that even when a bullet was stopped by the flexible fabric, the impact and resulting trauma from the bullet would leave a severe bruise at a minimum and, at worst, could kill by damaging critical organs. Subsequently, army scientists designed tests to determine the effects of blunt trauma, which is injuries suffered from forces created by the bullet impacting the armor. A byproduct of the research on blunt trauma was the improvement of tests that measure blood gasses, which indicate the extent of injuries to the lungs. The final phase involved monitoring the armors wearability and effectiveness. An initial test in three cities determined that the vest was wearable, it did not cause undue stress or pressure on the torso, and it did not prevent the normal body movement necessary for police work. In 1975, an extensive field test of the new Kevlar body armor was conducted, with 15 urban police departments cooperating. Each department served a population larger than 250,000, and each had experienced officer assault rates higher than the national average. The tests involved 5,000 garments, including 800 purchased from commercial sources. Among the factors evaluated were comfort ​when worn for a full working day, its adaptability in extremes of temperature, and its durability through long periods of use. The demonstration project armor issued by NIJ was designed to ensure a 95 percent probability of survival after being hit with a .38 caliber bullet at a velocity of 800 ft/s. Furthermore, the probability of requiring surgery if hit by a projectile was to be 10 percent or less. A final report released in 1976 concluded that the new ballistic material was effective in providing a bullet resistant garment that was light and wearable for full-time use. Private industry was quick to recognize the potential market for the new generation of body armor, and body armor became commercially available in quantity even before the NIJ demonstration program.